Atomization
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When it comes to content marketing, almost everyone thinks the only way to improve results is to create more content. But, in fact, we advise our content marketing consulting clients to squeeze more out of their efforts by remixing and refreshing their existing content before thinking about creating another piece.One way to squeeze more out of your existing content is through content atomization.
When focused ultrasound waves of moderate intensity in liquid encounter an air interface, a chain of drops emerges from the liquid surface to form what is known as a drop-chain fountain. Atomization, or the emission of micro-droplets, occurs when the acoustic intensity exceeds a liquid-dependent threshold. While the cavitation-wave hypothesis, which states that atomization arises from a combination of capillary-wave instabilities and cavitation bubble oscillations, is currently the most accepted theory of atomization, more data on the roles of cavitation, capillary waves, and even heat deposition or boiling would be valuable. In this paper, we experimentally test whether bubbles are a significant mechanism of atomization in drop-chain fountains. High-speed photography was used to observe the formation and atomization of drop-chain fountains composed of water and other liquids. For a range of ultrasonic frequencies and liquid sound speeds, it was found that the drop diameters approximately equalled the ultrasonic wavelengths. When water was exchanged for other liquids, it was observed that the atomization threshold increased with shear viscosity. Upon heating water, it was found that the time to commence atomization decreased with increasing temperature. Finally, water was atomized in an overpressure chamber where it was found that atomization was significantly diminished when the static pressure was increased. These results indicate that bubbles, generated by either acoustic cavitation or boiling, contribute significantly to atomization in the drop-chain fountain.
(Colour online) Photograph of the experimental configuration for high static pressure atomization. Exposures were recorded through acrylic windows on either side of the chamber. Overpressure was induced using a compressed air cylinder controlled by a regulator. The transducer was built into the lower lid of the chamber and was a flat, piezoceramic source that was focused by a curved, aluminium lens and operated at 2.127 MHz.
Plot showing the time to commence atomization versus bulk water temperature. The three open diamonds located at 10 ms indicate that atomization did not occur at the measured temperature within the 10 ms pulse. All other data show an approximate trend: as the temperature increases, the time to commence atomization decreases.
Another example of implicit atomization is when you use arithmetic operators. The + operator requires atomic values, and data() is implicitly applied to retrieve the atomic value of the LaborHours attribute. The query is specified against the Instructions column of the xml type in the ProductModel table. The following query returns the LaborHours attribute three times. In the query, note the following:
In constructing the OrignialLaborHours attribute, atomization is implicitly applied to the singleton sequence returned by ($WC/@LaborHours). The typed value of the LaborHours attribute is assigned to OrignialLaborHours.
When a drop is subjected to a surrounding dispersed phase that is moving at an initial relative velocity, aerodynamic forces will cause it to deform and fragment. This is referred to as secondary atomization. In this paper, the abundant literature on secondary atomization experimental methods, breakup morphology, breakup times, fragment size and velocity distributions, and modeling efforts is reviewed and discussed. Focus is placed on experimental and numerical results which clarify the physical processes that lead to breakup. From this, a consistent theory is presented which explains the observed behavior. It is concluded that viscous shear plays little role in the breakup of liquid drops in a gaseous environment. Correlations are given which will be useful to the designer, and a number of areas are highlighted where more work is needed.
We use several highly versatile encapsulation processes to prepare particles including atomization processes such as spinning disk, spray drying, spray chilling, and congealing to help solve product performance requirements. Our innovative disk processes yield narrow particle size distributions, produce micron-sized particles, and process batch sizes down to a few grams with high recovery efficiency for consumer products, drug discovery, and more.
For example, during the gas-atomization process, molten steel is atomized into fine metal droplets, which cool down during their fall in the atomizing tower. Metal powders obtained by gas atomization offer a perfectly spherical shape combined with a high cleanliness level.
The basic processes associated with methods of atomization, such as the conversion of bulk liquid into a jet or sheet, and the growth of disturbances which ultimately lead to disintegration of the jet or sheet into ligaments and then drops determine the resulting spray's characteristics such as:
The solution to the atomization curse that both gives us significantly more time back, and makes us much happier, is to seek to reintegrate these various foci of life as much as possible. How do you turn food back into a rich, multivariate experience with friends, fun, exploration, and relaxation How do you blend socialization and exercise and community How do you spend less time having shallower atomized relationships through a screen, and more time having rich in-person relationships where you get the full experience of other people
Beyond the atomization separating fitness from normal life, there is also further atomization within fitness. Let\\u2019s take biking as an example. First, biking was something you did outside, often with friends. There was scenery, socialization, exploration, sunlight, and exercise. Then the exercise element was captured in stationary bikes, placed in a gym or a spin class, and most of the richness was removed. You still got the exercise, and some socialization from being in the gym or class, but there was no scenery, no exploration, no time in the outdoors. Then we got Peloton. No socialization. No scenery. No exploration. No sunlight. Exercise, sure, and Emma is cute, but that\\u2019s it. The richness of biking is gone.
Where else do we see over-atomization Food comes to mind. A meal should be about more than just food. Relaxation, spending time with your friends and family, fun, maybe joy. If you looked at an Italian neighborhood dinner and said \\u201Cwow what a waste, don\\u2019t they know they could just drink a Huel and get back to work\\u201D then, well, oof.
We delineate and examine the successive stages of ligament-mediated atomization of burning multi-component fuel droplets. Time-resolved high-speed imaging experiments are performed with fuel blends (butanol/Jet A-1 and ethanol/Jet A-1) comprising wide volatility differential, which undergo distinct modes of secondary atomization. Upon the breakup of vapor bubble, depending on the aspect ratio, ligaments grow and break into well-defined (size) droplets for each mode of atomization. The breakup modes either induce mild/intense oscillations on the droplet or completely disintegrate the droplet (micro-explosion). For the blends with a relatively low volatility difference between the components, only bubble expansion contributes to the micro-explosion. In contrast, for blends with high volatility differential, both bubble growth as well as the instability at the interface contribute towards droplet breakup. The wrinkling pattern at the vapor-liquid interface suggests that a Rayleigh-Taylor type of instability triggered at the interface further expedites the droplet breakup.
Effective liquid atomization is crucial in a wide range of engineering applications such as spray combustion in automotive and gas turbine engines, powder technology, spray drying, spray cooling and ink-jet printing. The fuel atomization characteristics in engine applications are crucial in determining combustion stability, efficiency, and exhaust gas emissions. In order to estimate these vital characteristic features of an engine, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the spray structure, in particular, the spatio-temporal distribution of droplets. In a conventional fuel spray, the dense liquid columns/sheets are prone to instabilities due to the aerodynamic interactions, which lead to the formation of ligaments. These ligaments further breakup into droplets. The first generation droplets further undergo breakup to form smaller sized daughter droplets (secondary atomization) which subsequently undergo evaporation and combustion. Secondary atomization of emulsions and multi-component fuel droplets plays an active role in minimizing CO2, NOx, and unburned soot particles emanating from the combustion process. The combustion efficiency and exhaust gas emissions can also be improved by using biofuels as additives to conventional transportation fuels. Oxygenated biofuels such as ethanol and butanol are extensively used as additives to gasoline/diesel to improve engine performance and reduce the harmful emissions1, 2. In particular, Maurya et al.2 reported that the maximum combustion efficiency achieved for HCCI engine fuelled with ethanol is around 97.5% while the NOx emissions from the engine were found to be extremely Low ( 59ce067264
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